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11th Class Punjab
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Biology Short Question
The Kingdom Protistaor Protoctista Short Questions Preparation

Chapter 7 The Kingdom Protistaor Protoctista Biology 11th Class Punjab Short Questions

Question No. 1 - Differentiate between Septate hyphaeand coenocytic hyphae.

Answer No. 1 - Septate hyphae: These hyphae are divided by cross walls called septa into individual cells containing one or more nuclei.

Question No. 2 - What are mycorrhizae? Give its types.

Answer No. 2 - Mycorrhiza are a mutualistic association between roots of vascular plants and fungiabout 95% of all kind of vascular plants.
Types: Ectomycorrhiza, Endomycorrhizal.

Question No. 3 - Differentiate between hyphae and mycelium.

Answer No. 3 - Hyphae : It consists of long slender, branched tubular thread like filamentous structure called hyphae.

Question No. 4 - Enlist six plants diseases caused to fungi.

Answer No. 4 - Rust, smut, apple scab, root rot of cotton.

Question No. 5 - What is ringworm? Which fungus is the cause of this disease?

Answer No. 5 - It is a skin disease.Fungus attack superficial layer of this skin and grows in a ring like form so called ringworm disease. It is caused by imperfect fungi.

Question No. 6 - Name method of asexual reproduction in fungi.

Answer No. 6 - Budding, spore formation, conidia formation and fragmentation.

Question No. 7 - What are carnivorous Fungi? Give one example.

Answer No. 7 - Carnivorous fungi are active predators. They paralyze the nematodes, penetrate them and also absorb their nutritional content, primarily to fulfil its nitrogen contents, Example Oyster mushroom.

Question No. 8 - How budding differs from fragmentation?

Answer No. 8 - Budding: Unicellular yeasts reproduce by budding an asymmetric division in which tiny out growth or bud is produced which may separate and grow into new cell or by simple relatively equal cell division.

Question No. 9 - What is major component of fungai cell wall?

Answer No. 9 - Chitin in their cell wall is major component.

Question No. 10 - Differentiate between rust and Smut?

Answer No. 10 - Rust: Rust is called so because of numerous rusty orange-yellow colored disease spots on their host surface, later revealing brick/rust-red spores of the fungus.

Question No. 11 - Differentiate between aseptate and septate hyphae.

Answer No. 11 - Aseptate Hyphae: These hyphae lack septa and are not divided into individual cells. Instead these are in the form of elongated multinucleated large cells. Such hyphae are called coenocytic hyphae in which cytoplasm moves effectively, distributing the material throughout.

Question No. 12 - Why some fungi called as predators?

Answer No. 12 - The oyster mushroom paralyses the nematodes penetrate them and absorb their nutritional content. Primarily to fulfill its nitrogen requirments. It fulfill its glucose requirement by breaking the wood. Some species of Arthrobotrys traps soil nematodes by forming constricting rung, their hyphae invading and digesting the unlucky victim.

Question No. 13 - Write down importance of yeast.

Answer No. 13 - Yeats are heavily used in genetics biological researchers because of their rapid generation and rapidly increasing pool of genetic and biochemical information.
Years was first eukaryote to be used by genetic engineers.

Question No. 14 - What do you know about Armillaria?

Answer No. 14 - A circular clone of Armillaria, a pathogenic fungus afflicting conifers,growing out from a central focus,has been measured upto 15 hectors. It is the world largest organisms.

Question No. 15 - Write resembles of fungi with plants?

Answer No. 15 - 1. Like plants fungi also have cell wall.
2. Both plants and fungi dont have centrioles.
3. Plants and fungi both are non-motile.

Question No. 16 - Differentiate between plasmogamy and karyogamy.

Answer No. 16 - Karyogamy : Fusion of two nuclei is karyogamy.

Question No. 17 - What is parasexuality?

Answer No. 17 - Desipte absense of sexuall reproduction, imperfect fungi show special kind of genetic recombination called parasexuality in which portion of chromosomes of two nuclei laying in the same hyphae are exchanged.

Question No. 18 - What is nuclear mitosis? Give example.

Answer No. 18 - During nuclear mitosis nuclear envelope does not break instead mitotic spindle are formed within nucleus and nuclear membrane constrict between the two cluster of daughter chromosomes.

Question No. 19 - What is dikaryotic hyphae?

Answer No. 19 - A fungal hyphae/cell having two nuclei of different genetic types is called dikaryotic hyphae.

Question No. 20 - How Penicillium can reproduce?

Answer No. 20 - Penicillium reproduces by means of naked spores called conidia. These are found in chains at the tip of special hyphae called conidiophores, which are branched. These conidia give color to the mycelia colony, which is circular.

Question No. 21 - What are hyphae and mycelium?

Answer No. 21 - The body of fungus is called mycelium, consists of long slender, branched tubular thread like filaments called the hyphae. Hyphae spread extensively on the surface of substratum.

Question No. 22 - Name method of asexual reproduction in fungi?

Answer No. 22 - Fungi can be produced asexually by following method.
1. By means of budding
2. By conidia formation
3. By spore formation
4. By fragmentation

Question No. 23 - Why non septate hyphae are called coenocytic hyphae?

Answer No. 23 - Aseptate hyphae lack septa and are not divided into individual cell. Instead these are in the form of elongated multi nucleate large cell. Aseptate hyphae are called coenocytic hyphae in which cytoplasm moves effectively.

Question No. 24 - Compare ascus with basidium.

Answer No. 24 - Ascus: Ascus is a sac like structure of ascomycetes in which haploid sexual spores called ascospores are formed by meiosis.

Question No. 25 - What are toadstools? Give example.

Answer No. 25 - Toadstools are poisonous mushroom such as death cap/death angel and jack-O lantern mushroom.

Question No. 26 - What is histoplasmosis? Give its reasons.

Answer No. 26 - Histoplasmosis is a serious infection disease of lungs caused by inhaling spores fungus which is common in soil contaminated with bird feces. If infection spread into bloodstream and them to other organs, It can be serious and even fatal.

Question No. 27 - Write down two difference between animals and fungi.

Answer No. 27 - Fungi: In fungi cell wall is present.
Fungi can not move.

Question No. 28 - Name any four antibiotics obtain from the fungi.

Answer No. 28 - Penicillin, lovastatin, cyclosporine and graseoflavin.

Question No. 29 - State a role of algae and fungi in lichens.

Answer No. 29 - Fungus protect the algal partner from strong light and desiccation and it get food from algae while synthesis food for itself and also provide it to fungi.

Question No. 30 - Give two medical importance of fungi?

Answer No. 30 - Some fungi are the source of antibiotics and some other drugs.
1. Penicillin,to be ever discovered in 1929 is obtained
from penicillium notatum.
2. Lovastatin is used for lowering blood cholesterol.

Question No. 31 - What are aflatoxins?

Answer No. 31 - Some strains of aspergillus produce mycotoxins called aflatoxins. Aspergillus produce mycotoxins called aflatoxins.

Question No. 32 - Differentiate between Obligate parasite and facultative parasite.

Answer No. 32 - Obligate Parasite : These parasite grow only on their living host and can not be grown on available defined growth medium in lab.

Question No. 33 - Name some edible fungi.

Answer No. 33 - Mushrooms, truffles, morels.

Question No. 34 - What do you know about fragmentation in fungi?

Answer No. 34 - Fragmentation is simple breaking of mycelium of some hyphal fungi. Each broken fragments gives rise to a new mycelium.

Question No. 35 - Differentiate between ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza.

Answer No. 35 - Endomycorrhiza: In this type the fungal hyphae penetrate only in to the cell walls forming, coils, swellings and minute branches and also extent out in to the surrounding soil.

Question No. 36 - Give importance of lichens.

Answer No. 36 - Lichens growing on rocks break them, setting stage for other organisms during the course of ecological succession.Lichen are very good bio indicators of air quality as they are very sensitive to pollution.

Question No. 37 - Name the type of hyphae and sexual spores in sac fungi.

Answer No. 37 - Sac fungi has two types of hyphae i.e monokaryotic and dikaryotic hyphae. The sexual spores in sac fungi are called ascospores.

Question No. 38 - Discuss sexual reproduction in Rhizopus.

Answer No. 38 - Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus takes place by means of gametangial contact. First of all opposite mating types comes close to each other and they contact each other. The wall between them is dissolved and plasmography takes place. After plasmography fusion of nuclei occurs and diploid zygote is formed.

Question No. 39 - Differentiate between Ascocarp and Basidiocarp group.

Answer No. 39 - Ascocarp: Most sac fungi have ascii inside the macroscopic fruiting body called ascocarp. Their hyphae are septate. They have lengthy dikaryotic phase that form ascocarp.

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