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Chapter 3 Enzymes Biology 11th Class Punjab Short Questions

Question No. 1 - Write the role of glyoxysomes.

Answer No. 1 - In plants glyoxysomes play an important role in both catabolic and anabolic pathways. In seeds rich in lipids such as caster beans and soybeans, glyoxysomes are suit for breakdown of fatty acids to succinate.

Question No. 2 - Give three functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer No. 2 - 1. It helps in metabolism of a number of different types of
molecule particularly lipids.
2. It also helps of detoxify the harmful drugs.
3. It also play an important role in transport of material
from one part of cell to other.

Question No. 3 - Describe two regions of nucleus.

Answer No. 3 - Nucleolus is composed of two regions:
1. The peripheral granular area composed of precursors of ribosomal subunits and central fibrillar region consisting of a large molecular weight RNA and rDNA.

Question No. 4 - Why mitochondria is called self replicating organelle?

Answer No. 4 - Mitochondrion is self replicating organelle because it contains its own DNA and ribosomes, so it is also produced some proteins which are essential for replication process.

Question No. 5 - What is plasma membrane? Give its chemical composition.

Answer No. 5 - Plasma membrane is the outermost boundary of the cell. However in most plant cell, it is covered by cell wall.
Cell membrane is chemically composed of lipids and proteins 60-80% are proteins, while 20-40% are lipids.

Question No. 6 - Define fluid mosaic model of cell membrane.

Answer No. 6 - The modern technology has revealed that lipid bilayer is not sandwiched between two proteins layers.Instead proteins are embedded in the liquid bilayer in a mosaic manner. According to this model,cell membrane also contain charged pores through which movement of materials takes place both by active and passive transport.

Question No. 7 - What are ribosome sub units? How their attachment is controlled?

Answer No. 7 - Each eukaryotic ribosome consists of two subunits. The larger sub-units sediments at 60S, while smaller sub-unit sediments at 40S. The two sub-units on attachment with each other forms 80A particle. This attachment controlled by the presence of magnesium ions.

Question No. 8 - What do you mean by lipid rich and poor lipid seeds?

Answer No. 8 - Seeds which have high contents of lipids in them than other material are called lipid rich seeds and those having low lipid content are called lipid poor seeds.

Question No. 9 - What are autophagosomes?

Answer No. 9 - Sometimes under abnormal circumstance e.g starvation or a physiological process the part of the cell are engulfed by a primary lysosomes and digested to generate energy. The lysosomes which are part of their own cell are known as autophagosomes.

Question No. 10 - What is "Ominis Cella a Cellula" who proposed it?

Answer No. 10 - It is a german term which means "New cells are formed from pre existing living cells "Rudolf Virchow proposed it.

Question No. 11 - Give the significance of vacuole in plant cell.

Answer No. 11 - Significance of vacuole in plant cells is that it provides turgor pressure which maintain cell shape and give support to plant parts.

Question No. 12 - What is function of parenchyma and xylem cell?

Answer No. 12 - Function of parenachyma is to store food and function of xylem cell is to transport water and mineral to plant body.

Question No. 13 - How smooth endoplasmic reticulum is different from rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer No. 13 - SER: SER has Ribosomes on its surface and its surface is rough. It is involved protein synthesis

Question No. 14 - Define polysomes.

Answer No. 14 - A group of ribosomes attached to mRNA is called polysomes.

Question No. 15 - Give two functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer No. 15 - Lipid Synthesis:The SER is involved in the metabolism of lipid formation.
Detoxify drugs: SER helps to detoxify the harmful effect of drugs.

Question No. 16 - Define Tay-sach's disease.

Answer No. 16 - It is caused by the absence of an enzyme that mainly involved in catabolism of lipids.The accumulation of lipids in brains cells leads to mental retardation and even death.

Question No. 17 - What do you know by intergranum?

Answer No. 17 - Each granum is inter-connected with others by the non-green part is called intergranum.
Function: Membranes of the grana are the site where sun light energy is trapped and where ATP is formed. Thus main function of chloroplast is photosynthesis.

Question No. 18 - Give important functions of cytoplasm.

Answer No. 18 - 1. It is center of great metabolic activities like proteins
synthesis and glycolysis.
2. It acts as strong house of chemicals.
3. Several cell organelles are present in the cytoplasm.

Question No. 19 - Give salient features of cell theory.

Answer No. 19 - 1. Cell is structural and functional unit of living
organism.
2. All organism are composed of cell and cell products,some
of them are unicellular and some are multicellular.
3. New cell arise from pre-existing cell.

Question No. 20 - Write three function of endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer No. 20 - Proteins synthesis: RER is involved in the synthesis of proteins. After synthesis the proteins are either stored in the cytoplasm or exported out of the cell through channels.
1. The SER is involved in the metabolism of lipid
formation.
2. SER helps to detoxify the harmful effect of drugs
3. In some cells SER is responsible for the transmission of
impulses e.g muscles cell,and nerve cell.

Question No. 21 - Differentiate between endocytosis and exocytosis.

Answer No. 21 - Endocytosis: In many animals cells the cells membrane helps to take in materials by infolding in the form of vacuoles. This type of intake of material is called endocytosis.

Question No. 22 - Write down function of Golgi complex.

Answer No. 22 - 1. The proteins or enzymes,which have to be transported out
of the cells,pass through the Golgi complex.
2. The most important function is to modify the proteins
and lipids by adding carbohydrates by converting them
into glycoproteins and glycolipids.
3. Golgi body is also concerned with cell secretions.

Question No. 23 - Define cell. Who discovered cell?

Answer No. 23 - The cell can be define as the structural and function unit of life. It is smallest unit that can carry out all activities of life. Robert Hooke discovered the cell for the first time.

Question No. 24 - Give chemical composition of primary and secondary cell wall.

Answer No. 24 - Primary cell wall basically composed of cellulose and some deposition of lignin and hemicellulose. Secondary wall is composed of inorganic salts, silica, waxes, cutin lignin etc.

Question No. 25 - What are centromere and its role?

Answer No. 25 - Centromere is the place on the chromosome where the spindle fibers are attached during cell division.

Question No. 26 - Differentiate between phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Answer No. 26 - Phagocytosis: Phagocytosis is to engulf solid food particles.
Pinocytosis: In cellular biology, pinocytosis, otherwise known as fluid endocytosis and bulk-phase pinocytosis, is a mode of endocytosis in which small particles suspended in extracellular fluid are brought into the cell through an invagination of the cell membrane, resulting in a suspension of the particles within a small vesicle inside the cell.

Question No. 27 - Give two function of cytoplasm.

Answer No. 27 - Storage house of biomolecule:The most important function of cytoplasm id act as storage house of biomolecule.
Site for metabolic process: it also site for metabolic process like glycolysis.

Question No. 28 - What is nucleolus? Give its function.

Answer No. 28 - It is darkly stained body within the nucleus and is without any membranous boundary to separate it from the rest of the nuclear material.
The ribosomal RNA is synthesized and stored in the n shell.

Question No. 29 - What is division of labour?

Answer No. 29 - In multicellular organisms there is a division of labour among cells, Different cells are specialized for different function, For example in plants xylem cells conduct water, phloem cell trans-locate food, sclerenchyma cells give support etc.

Question No. 30 - What are intermediate filaments?

Answer No. 30 - They have diameters in b/w those of microtubules and microfilaments. They play important role in maintenance of cell shape.

Question No. 31 - Compare primary cell with secondary wall.

Answer No. 31 - Primary wall: The primary wall is composed of cellulose and some deposition of pectin and hemicellulose. Cellulose molecule are arranged in a criss cross manner. The primary wall is true and develops in newly growing cells.

Question No. 32 - What are Golgi apparatus? Give its functions.

Answer No. 32 - It consists of stack of flattened membrane bound sacs called cisternae. These cisternae together with associated vesicles are called Golgi complex. Golgi complex is concerned with cell secretions. The most important function of Golgi apparatus is to modify the proteins and lipid by adding carbohydrates and converting them into glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Question No. 33 - What are storage diseases? Give name of two storage disease in man.

Answer No. 33 - Several congenital disease have been found to be due to accumulation within the cell of substance such as glycogen or various glycolipids; These are also called storage diseases. Name of storage disease are:
Glycogenosis type 2 disease, Tay-Sach's diseases.

Question No. 34 - What are chromosomes? Why they are important?

Answer No. 34 - Chromosomes are thread like structure present in nucleus composed of DNA and histone proteins, They contain genes which control function of the cell.

Question No. 35 - What is meant by resolution of microscope?

Answer No. 35 - The minimum distance at which two objects can be seen as separate objects is called resolution.

Question No. 36 - Give name of Robert Hooke's publication on cell discovery.

Answer No. 36 - Micrographia

Question No. 37 - When nucleus of cell is visible?

Answer No. 37 - Nucleus of cell is visible in non dividing cells.

Question No. 38 - How magnification power of compound microscope is determined?

Answer No. 38 - The magnification power of microscope is determined by multiplying X value of ocular lens and X value of objective lens. Therefore a microscope with a 10X ocular lens and 40X objective lens will have (10X40=400X) 400X magnifying power.

Question No. 39 - Give a chemical composition of plasma membrane.

Answer No. 39 - Cell membrane is chemically composed of proteins (60%-80%) and lipids. A small quantity of carbohydrates is also present.

Question No. 40 - Where new ribosomes are assembled?

Answer No. 40 - New ribosomes are assembled in nucleolus. From nucleolus they move to cytoplasm via nuclear pores.

Question No. 41 - Define semi-permeable membrane.

Answer No. 41 - The membrane which allow passing only selective substance to pass through it is called selectively or semi permeable membrane e.g plasma membrane.

Question No. 42 - What are chromoplasts? Give one example.

Answer No. 42 - They impart colors other than green. They are present in petals of the flowers and in the ripened fruit. They help in pollination.

Question No. 43 - How many types of endoplasmic reticulum are presents?

Answer No. 43 - There are two types of ER.
1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question No. 44 - What is the role of centriole?

Answer No. 44 - Just before a cell divides, its centro ides duplicate and one pair migrates to the opposite side of the nucleus.The spindle form between them. Centrioles play important role in the location of furrowing during cell division and help in the formation of cilia and flagella.

Question No. 45 - What is cytosol?

Answer No. 45 - The soluble part of cytoplasm is called cytosol. It forms ground substance of cytoplasm. Chemically it is about 90% of water. If forms a solution containing all fundamentals molecules.

Question No. 46 - What is cell fractional?

Answer No. 46 - By using the modern technology various component of cell including its organelles can be isolated by a process of cell fractional. During cell fractional the tissues are homogenized or disrupted with special instruments and the various parts of the cells are separated by density gradient centrifugal.

Question No. 47 - What are peroxisomes and its functions?

Answer No. 47 - Peroxisomes have oxidation enzymes which are mainly peroxidase, catalase glycolic acid oxidase and some other enzymes. They are mainly involved in formation and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the cell.

Question No. 48 - How prokaryotic cell differ from eukaryotic cell with two points.

Answer No. 48 - Prokaryotic Cell: Prokaryotic cell has no definite nucleus. Membrane bonded organelles are absent in prokaryotic cell.

Question No. 49 - Differentiate between microfilaments and microtubules.

Answer No. 49 - Microtubules:They are the long unbranched slender formed by self assembly of globular proteins called tubulin.
Once very important function of microtubules is their role in the assembly and disassembly of spindle structure during the mitosis.

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