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Chapter 10 Kingdom Animalia Biology 11th Class Punjab Short Questions

Question No. 1 - Differentiate between photosystem-I and photosystem-II?

Answer No. 1 - Photosystem-I: photosystem-I is named so because it is discovered first. Photosystem - 1 has chlorophyll a molecule which absorb maximum light of 700 nm and is called P700.

Question No. 2 - How action spectrum can be obtain?

Answer No. 2 - Action spectrum can be obtained by illuminating plant with light of different wavelength or color and then estimating relative CO2 consumption or oxygen release during photosynthesis.

Question No. 3 - What is action spectrum?

Answer No. 3 - The plots show relative effectiveness of different wavelength of light in arriving photosynthesis is called action spectrum of photosynthesis.

Question No. 4 - What is photo-system? Name of its two parts or components.

Answer No. 4 - In chloroplast photosynthetic pigments are organized into cluster called photosystem. Photosystem is the place in the thylakoid membrane where the chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigments are arranged in a specific way and form system called photosystem where the reaction of photosynthesis occur.
It components are:
1. Antena complex
2. Reaction center

Question No. 5 - Define biogeneratics. Does it obey laws of thermodynamics?

Answer No. 5 - Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of energy relationships and energy conversion in biological system. Yes biological energy transformation obeys the laws of thermodynamics.

Question No. 6 - Define Krebs cycle.

Answer No. 6 - It is a series, reaction, which was discovered by Hans Krebs, so it is called Krebs cycle. In it acetyle Co-A oxidized by series of reaction and energy is called released step wise.

Question No. 7 - Give function of NADP reductase?

Answer No. 7 - An enzyme called NADP reductase that transfer the electrons from Fd to NADP. This is the redox reaction that stores the high energy electrons in NADPH. The NADPH will provide reducing power for the synthesis of sugar in Calvin cycle.

Question No. 8 - What is the function of Mg in chlorophyll molecule?

Answer No. 8 - An atom of magnesium is present in the center of porphyrin ring and is coordinated with the nitrogen of each porphyrin ring.

Question No. 9 - What are photosystems?

Answer No. 9 - Photosynthetic pigments are organized into clusters called photosystems. For efficient absorption and utilization of solar energy in the thylakoid membranes.

Question No. 10 - Define antenna complex of reaction center.

Answer No. 10 - The antenna complex has many molecule of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids most of them are channeling the energy to reaction center, while carotenoids most of them channeling the energy to reaction center. While reaction center has one or more molecule of chlorophyll a along with a primary electron acceptor and associated electron carrier of electron transport system.

Question No. 11 - What is cyclic phosphorylation? Give cause of its occurrence.

Answer No. 11 - In cyclic ETC electron cycle back from primary electron acceptor to ferredoxin to the cytochrome complex and from there continue on the P700 chlorophyll.
Cause Cyclic electron flow takes place when the chloroplasts runs low on ATP for Calvin cycle, the cycle slows down and NADPH accumulates in the chloroplast.

Question No. 12 - Define redox process. Give example

Answer No. 12 - Oxidation reduction reaction collectively called redox reaction or redox process. Removal of hydrogen is called oxidation and addition of hydrogen is called reduction.

Question No. 13 - Name the process which acts as energy capture and energy releasing process.

Answer No. 13 - Photosynthesis is energy capturing while respiration is energy releasing process.

Question No. 14 - Define photolysis of water.

Answer No. 14 - Break down of water molecules in the presence of light during photosynthesis is called photolysis of water.

Question No. 15 - What is porphyrin ring of a chlorophyll molecule?

Answer No. 15 - Chlorophyll molecule has two parts head and tail. The head is complex porphyrin ring which is made up of four joined smaller pyrrole ring composed of carbon and nitrogen atoms. An atoms of magnesium is present in the central of porphyrin ring and is coordinated with the nitrogen of each pyrrole ring.

Question No. 16 - How it was proved that oxygen released during. Photosynthesis comes from water and not from CO2?

Answer No. 16 - Water and carbon dioxide contain heavy isotope O18 were prepared in the Laboratory Experimental green plants in one group were supplied with water containing O18and with CO2 containing only common oxygen O16.
Plants in the second group were supplied with water containing common oxygen O16 but with CO2containing O18.

Question No. 17 - What are carotenoids?

Answer No. 17 - Carotenoids are yellow and red to orange pigments that absorbs strongly the blue-violet wavelength of light, which is different wavelengths, than the chlorophyll absorbs. So they broaden the spectrum of light that provides energy for photosynthesis.

Question No. 18 - What are acessary pigments? State their role.

Answer No. 18 - Acessary pigments are the substance which are additional present in the leaves they are orange, red or yellow colour.
They absorb light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a, which then starts the light reaction. It is generally believed that the order of energy transfer.

Question No. 19 - What are similarities between the chlorophyll and haemoglobin?

Answer No. 19 - Heme portion of hemoglobin is also porphyrin ring which is similar to porphyrin ring of chlorophyll but heam contains an iron atom instead of magnesium atom in the center

Question No. 20 - How organisms respiration is different from cellular respiration?

Answer No. 20 - Organismic respiration: The exchange of respiratory gases between the organisms and its environment is called external respiration.

Question No. 21 - What is fermentation? Name its two types.

Answer No. 21 - Fermentation is a process in which pyruvic acid is oxidized in the absence of oxygen. Its types are alcoholic fermentation and lactic fermentation.

Question No. 22 - Define photolysis and photo phosphorylation.

Answer No. 22 - Photolysis : The water splitting step photosynthesis that release oxygen is called photolysis.

Question No. 23 - What is compensation point?

Answer No. 23 - At dawn and dusk oxygen released from photosynthesis is just the amount required for cellular respiration. Also the carbon dioxide released from respiration just equals the quantity required by photosynthesizing cells, at this moment there is no net gas exchange between leaves and atmosphere.This is termed as compensation point.

Question No. 24 - What is lactic acid fermentation reaction?

Answer No. 24 - In lactic acid fermentation each pyruvic acid molecule is converted into lactic acid in the absence of oxygen.

Question No. 25 - Differentiate between action spectrum and absorption spectrum.

Answer No. 25 - Action spectrum: A graph plotting absorption of light of different wavelengths by a pigments is called absorption spectrum of pigment.

Question No. 26 - Different between light independent and light dependent reaction of photosynthesis.

Answer No. 26 - Light reaction: It require light.
It products are ATP and NADPH.
Photolysis of water occurs in light reaction and oxygen is also released.

Question No. 27 - Write down the name of main phases of glycolysis.

Answer No. 27 - Two main phases of glycolysis are:
1. Preparatory phase
2. Oxidation phase

Question No. 28 - Define photosynthesis.

Answer No. 28 - The process in which energy poor inorganic oxidized compounds of carbons and hydrogen are reduces to energy-rich carbohydrate using the light energy that is absorbed and converted into chemical energy by chlorophyll and some other photosynthetic pigments.

Question No. 29 - What is calvin Benson cycle?

Answer No. 29 - The reaction of photosynthesis which takes place in the absence of light is called dark reaction. This reaction reduces the CO2 by using products of light reaction i.e ATP and NADPH and carbohydrates are produces.

Question No. 30 - Define chemiosmosis.

Answer No. 30 - Process during cycle and non-cyclic phosphorylation by using membranes to couple redox reaction to synthesis ATP is called chemiosmosis.

Question No. 31 - Differentiate between internal respiration and external respiration.

Answer No. 31 - External respiration: The exchange of respiratory gases between the organism and its environment is called external respiration.

Question No. 32 - How NADH & ATP inhibit cellular respiration?

Answer No. 32 - Glucokinase enzyme activity is inhibited by high concentration ATP and NADH due to which process of glycolysis is blocked and cellular respiration is inhabited not.

Question No. 33 - What are products of light reaction of photosynthesis.

Answer No. 33 - NADPH2 and ATP are products of light reaction.

Question No. 34 - What is pay off phase of glycolysis?

Answer No. 34 - It is the second main phase of glycolysis in which oxidation of three carbon compound is oxidized and converted in to pyruvic acid along with step wise release of energy.

Question No. 35 - What is "Z" scheme?Why it is called so?

Answer No. 35 - Flow of electron in noncyclic electron chain is called Z-scheme. The path of electrons through the two photosystems during non-cyclic photophosphorylation is known as Z scheme from its shape.

Question No. 36 - Define glycolysis. Where it takes place?

Answer No. 36 - Glycolysis means breakdown of sugar. This is the first step of respiration and it take place in the cytoplasm

Question No. 37 - What is rubisco? State its function.

Answer No. 37 - The Calvin cycle starts when CO2 molecule reacts with highly reactive phosphorylated 5- carbon sugar molecule called ribulose biphosphate. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme called ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase also called Rubisco.

Question No. 38 - What is biological oxidation?

Answer No. 38 - Addition of oxygen or removal of electron or hydrogen from a compound is called biological oxidation.

Question No. 39 - What are cytochromes? Give its role.

Answer No. 39 - Synthesis of ATP in the presence of oxygen is called oxidative phosphorylation.

Question No. 40 - What is the use of spectrophotometer?

Answer No. 40 - An instruments called spectrophotometer is used to measure relative abilities of different pigments to absorb different wavelength of light.

Question No. 41 - Define accessory pigments and its role and transferring of energy.

Answer No. 41 - Carotenoids and chlorophyll are accessory pigments because they absorb light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a which then initiated the light reactions.

Question No. 42 - Differentiate between respiration and photosynthesis.

Answer No. 42 - Respiration : It is an energy releasing process.
It is raw material in glucose and oxygen.
It occurs day and night.

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