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Chapter 1 Introduction Biology 11th Class Punjab Short Questions

Question No. 1 - How amino acids differs from each other?

Answer No. 1 - All the amino acids have an amino group and a carboxylic group attached to the same carbon atom called alpha carbon.

Question No. 2 - How many chains of amino acids are present in hemoglobin and also mention number of amino acids in hemoglobin.

Answer No. 2 - There are four chains in hemoglobin two alpha and two beta chains, amino acids are 574.

Question No. 3 - What is glycosidic bond?

Answer No. 3 - A covalent bond between monosaccharide molecules is called glycosidic bond. During formation of glycoside bond hydroxyl group of one glucose unit and hydrogen of second glucose molecules react to from water and resulting bond is called glycoside bond.

Question No. 4 - Write two protective function of water.

Answer No. 4 - Water is effective lubricant which provides protection against damage from friction e.g tears protect eye surface from the rubbing of eyelids.
Water also from fluid cushion around organs and protect them from trauma.

Question No. 5 - What are purines and pyrimidines?

Answer No. 5 - Purines are nitrogen bases which have double ring structure in their molecular formula like adenine and guanine.

Question No. 6 - Define heat capacity and gives its advantage.

Answer No. 6 - The specific heat capacity of water is the number of calories required to raise the temperature of 1 gm of water from 15-16 Degree and it is 1 Degree.This is because much of the heat energy is used to break hydrogen bonds.Water work as temperature stabilizer for organisms in the environment and hence protects living materials against sudden thermal changes.

Question No. 7 - Differentiate between glycosidic and peptide bond.

Answer No. 7 - Glycosidic Bond: When two carbohydrates molecules react with each other and from bond with release of water molecule it is called glycoside bind.
Peptide Bond: A peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 of one alpha-amino acid and N2 of another, along a peptide or protein chain.

Question No. 8 - Define Protective role of water.

Answer No. 8 - Water is effective lubricant that provide a protection against damages resulting from fiction, For Example tears protect the surface of eye from rubbing of eyelids. Water also forms a fluid cushion around organs that helps to protect them from trauma.

Question No. 9 - How a peptide bond is formed.

Answer No. 9 - The linkage between hydrooxyl group of carboxylic group of one amino acid and the hydrogen of amino group of another amino acid release water and C-N link to form peptide bond.

Question No. 10 - What is heat capacity of water?

Answer No. 10 - Water has great ability of absorbing heat with minimum change in its own temperature. The specific heat capacity of water - The number of calories required to raise the temperature of 1g of water from 15 to 16 Degree is 1.0.

Question No. 11 - What are nucleohistones?

Answer No. 11 - The nucleochistones are present in chromosomes. These conjugated proteins are not only of structural, but also are of functional significance. They play an important role in regulation of gene expression.

Question No. 12 - What F'Sanger concluded about insulin?

Answer No. 12 - Sanger's principle conclusion was that the two polypetide claims of the proteins insulin has precise amino acid sequences and by extension that every protein has a unique sequence.

Question No. 13 - Name four functions of proteins.

Answer No. 13 - 1. Enzymes
2. Building Function
3. Transport
4. Hormones

Question No. 14 - Write a note on glycogen.

Answer No. 14 - It is also called animals starch. It is the chief form of carbohydrates store in animal body, It is found abundantly in liver muscle,though found in all animals cells. It is in soluble in water. It gives red color with iodine, It also yields glucose on hydrolysis.

Question No. 15 - What are Waxes?

Answer No. 15 - Chemically waxes are mixture of long chains of alkanes and alcohols, ketones and esters of long chain fatty acids.

Question No. 16 - Define monosaccharides with examples.

Answer No. 16 - Monosaccharides are simplest, more sweet sugars, which can not be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars. Example are Ribose, Glucose.

Question No. 17 - Why lipids are considered as high energy molecules as compared to the carbohydrates.

Answer No. 17 - Lipids are also used to store energy e.g triglyceride. Because of high proportion pf C--H bonds ad very low proportion of oxygen,lipid store double amount if energy as compared to the same amount of carbohydrates.

Question No. 18 - What are conjugated molecules? Give one example.

Answer No. 18 - Two different molecule of two different categories usually combine together to form conjugate molecule.
For example carbohydrates may combine with proteins to form glycoproteins.

Question No. 19 - What are terpenoids?

Answer No. 19 - Terpenoids are very large and important group of compound which are made up of repeating units called isoprenopid units.This unit by condensation in different ways gives rise to compound such as rubber, carotenoids, steroids and terpens.

Question No. 20 - Differentiate between anabolism and catabolism.

Answer No. 20 - Anabolism: The reaction in which simpler substance are combined to from complex substance are called anabolism or anabolism reaction Anabolic reaction need energy.
Catabolism: The sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which relatively large molecules in living cells are broken down, or degraded. Part of the chemical energy released during catabolic processes is conserved in the form of energy-rich compounds (e.g., adenosine triphosphate [ATP]).

Question No. 21 - Differentiate between Nucleoside and Nucleotide.

Answer No. 21 - Nucleoside : When nitrogen base and pentose sugar react it forms nucleoside.

Question No. 22 - Differentiate between amylase and amylopectin starches.

Answer No. 22 - Amylose Starch: Amylose starches have un-branched chains of glucose and are soluble in hot water.
Amylopectin Starch: Amylopectin is a water-soluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of α-glucose units found in plants. It is one of the two components of starch, the other being amylose. Amylopectin bears a straight/linear chain along with a number of side chains which may be branched further

Question No. 23 - Name two reducing sugars, also mention name of most familiar disaccharide.

Answer No. 23 - Reducing sugars are glucose and galatose most familiar disaccharide is sucrose.

Question No. 24 - Compare alpha helix with beta pleated sheet in proteins.

Answer No. 24 - The polypetide chain in a protein do not lie flat,they usually coil into a helix or in to beta sheet like form.
One of the basic common structure is the alpha helix,It involves a spiral formation of the basic polypetide chain.The alpha helix is very uniform geometric structure with 3.6 amino acids in each turn of the helix.The helical structure turns of spiral.Beta pleated sheet is formed by folding back of polypetide.

Question No. 25 - What is function of ribosomal RNA?

Answer No. 25 - Ribosomal RNA is a part of ribosmes. It is used to make ribosomes in the cell.

Question No. 26 - Define Metabolism. Name its process.

Answer No. 26 - All the chemical reaction taking place within a cell are collectively called as metabolism.
Types: Anabolism, Catabolsim

Question No. 27 - What are Lipids? Give two function of waxes.

Answer No. 27 - The lipids are the heterogeneous group of compounds related to fatty acids is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as ether, alcohol, chloroform and benzene etc.
Waxes are wide spread as protective coating on fruits and leaves.
Waxes protect plants from water loss and abrasive damage.

Question No. 28 - How fibrous proteins differs from globular proteins?

Answer No. 28 - Fibrous Proteins: They consist of molecule having one or more polypeptide chains in the form of fibril
They are insoluble in aqueous media.

Question No. 29 - Give difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid.

Answer No. 29 - Saturated fatty acids: Fatty acids which have no double covalent bond in them are called saturated fatty acids. Eg. acetic acid.

Question No. 30 - What are lipids? Write its one importance.

Answer No. 30 - Lipids are heterogeneous group if compounds related to fatty acids. The are insoluble in water and the soluble in organic solvents like ether,alcohols, chloroforms and benzene etc. Importance of lipids are constitute major source of energy & play an important role in the structure of membranes of the cell.

Question No. 31 - Define Heat of vaporization, what is heat of vaporization of water?

Answer No. 31 - Water absorb much as of heat as changes from liquid to gas. Heat of vaporization is expressed as calories absorbed per gram of vaporized water.
The specific heart of vaporization of water 574 k cal/kg.

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