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Chapter 12 Nutrition Biology 11th Class Punjab Short Questions

Question No. 1 - Give % age of CO2 in venous and arterial blood.

Answer No. 1 - The percentage of CO2 in venous blood is 54 ml per 100 ml of blood while percentage of CO2 in arterial blood is 50 ml per 100 ml of blood.

Question No. 2 - What is serine and who it is formed?

Answer No. 2 - Serine is hyhilic amino acid that is used is biosynthesis of proteins. In the pathway of photo respiration, pyruvate is converted into serine when glycine is absorbed by the mitochondria, two glycine molecule are converted into serine and CO2is formed.

Question No. 3 - Write down the disadvantage of gas exchange in water environment ?

Answer No. 3 - Water medium has less oxygen contech than air.A liter of water can not contain even 10ml or oxygen whereas oxygen content of fresh air is about 200 ml per liter.
In water oxygen diffuse 8000 times more dense than air.

Question No. 4 - Discuss respiratory mechanism in cockroach.

Answer No. 4 - Cockroach has ten pairs of spiracles. When abdomen contracts the first four pairs of spiracles open, air rushed in through these four pairs of spiracles into tracheoles. Abdomen contracts the anterior four pairs of spiracles close and posterior six parts of spiracles open. In this way inhalation and exhalation takes place.

Question No. 5 - Write at least two different states of CO2 transportation in blood.

Answer No. 5 - 1. Some of the carbon dioxide about 20% is carried as
carboxyhemoglobin.
2. Other plasma proteins also carry about 5% carbon dioxide
from the body fluids to the capillaries of lungs.

Question No. 6 - What is diving reflex? How is it generated?

Answer No. 6 - Diving mammals can stay in the depth of the oceans for about two hours without coming up for air due to activation of the process called diving reflex.

Question No. 7 - How does inspiration differ from expiration?

Answer No. 7 - Inspiration: Intercostal muscles contract and raise the chest cavity upwards and onwards.
Diaphragm contracts and it becomes less dome shape.Volume of chest cavity increased.

Question No. 8 - Write down the properties of respiratory surface in animals.

Answer No. 8 - Respiratory surface in most animals exhibit the following characteristics.
1. The surface should be very large.
2. Thin epithelium for fast diffusion and short distance.
3. Ventilation for steep diffusion gradient.
4. Capillary network for blood flow.

Question No. 9 - Write gaseous exchange in plants?

Answer No. 9 - Gaseous exchange in plants takes place by means of following method.
. By stomata
. By lenticels
. By roots

Question No. 10 - What factors keep the skin of earthworm moist for gaseous exchange?

Answer No. 10 - The skin is richly supplied with blood capillaries and remain moist with the secretion of the skin and bu coelomic fluid.

Question No. 11 - How does respiration occur in Hydra?

Answer No. 11 - Hydra has no specialized organs for respiration. Exchange of gases i.e., intake of oxygen and removal of CO2 take place through whole body surface which remain in contact with water. Exchange of O2 in and CO2out also occurs in cells lining the digestive cavity. In this way the surface lining of the entern acts ad efficient respiratory surface.

Question No. 12 - How in earthworm respiration takes place?

Answer No. 12 - Respiration in earthworm take place through moist or wet skin, which is kept moist due to secretion of the skin. Oxygen from air is directly diffused into thin epithelium and into blood, where it combine with oxygen to all body parts. CO2 is removed from the body by same path but in reverse order.

Question No. 13 - How does breathing differ from cellular respiration?

Answer No. 13 - Breathing : Organismic respiration is also known as breathing or ventilation. Breathing is a process in which fresh air containing more oxygen is pumped into the lungs and air with more carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.

Question No. 14 - How rubisco decide either oxygenase or carboxylase?

Answer No. 14 - The most important factor which decides that when rubisco will work as carboxylase or oxygenase is the relative concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the leaf.

Question No. 15 - Mention at least two properties of respiratory surface in animals.

Answer No. 15 - 1. The surface area should be extremely large and kept
moist as it is seen in the lungs in land vertebrates and
in the gills in the case of fishes.
2. The distance across which diffusion has to take place
should be little. In most animals the epithelium which
separates air and blood in only in two cell thick. As a
result the distance for diffusion is very short.

Question No. 16 - Point out location and function of vocal cord.

Answer No. 16 - In the glottis the mucous membrane stretched across into two thin membranes of fibrous bands called vocal cords, which helps in production of voice when vibrated by air.

Question No. 17 - How carbon dioxide absorbed by the cell wall of the mesophyll cells?

Answer No. 17 - The carbon dioxide reaches to the mesophyll cells by passing through the intercellular spaces and then absorbed by the moist cell surface or mesophyll cells.

Question No. 18 - How respiration does take place through cork tissues.

Answer No. 18 - In older stem cork tissues are present which is formed of dead cells. The cork tissues has special pores called lenticells which are also involved in gaseous exchange.

Question No. 19 - What are spiracles? Give their function.

Answer No. 19 - The trachea open to exterior by pores on the surface called sporacles. There are ten pairs of spiracles present on the lateral side of the body. These are in ten pairs. Two pairs are located in the thorax and eight pairs are located in the abdomen.

Question No. 20 - What is rate of breathing at rest during exercise?

Answer No. 20 - During rest breathing occurs rhythmically at the frequency of 15 to 20 times per minute in humans. During exercise of breathing may rise to 30 times per minute.

Question No. 21 - In hot and dry season, level of O2 rises inside the leaf. Give its reasons.

Answer No. 21 - In hot and dry day the level of oxygen inside the leaf rises. This is because the stomata close to prevent the loss of water. The level of oxygen rises because closed stomata do not let it go out.

Question No. 22 - What is photo respiration? Name organelles involved in it.

Answer No. 22 - The respiration which takes place during day time is called photo respiration. The pathway in which RuBP is converted into the serine is called photo respiration. Peroxisomes and mitochondria, chloroplast are involved in photo respiration.

Question No. 23 - Name the structure involved in gaseous exchange in frog.

Answer No. 23 - Nostrils, Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli, Skin and Buccal Cavity.

Question No. 24 - What is emphysema? Give its effects and cause.

Answer No. 24 - Emphysema is breakdown of alveoli. In the result of constant coughing the absorbing surface of the lungs is greatly reduced.

Question No. 25 - What is rubisco? Give its function.

Answer No. 25 - Rubisco is an enzyme which is the most abundant protein in the chloroplast and probably in the world.
In calvin cycle when a molecule of carbon dioxide reacts with RuBP this reaction is catalyst by the enzyme called rubisco. But in PHotorespiration rubisco can act as both carboxylase as well as oxygenase.

Question No. 26 - Name the most common fuel used by the cell to provide energy by cellular respiration.

Answer No. 26 - The name of the most common fuel used by the cell to provide energy by cellular respiration is glucose.

Question No. 27 - Enlist properties of respiratory surface in animals.

Answer No. 27 - 1. Large surface and moisture
2. Ventilation
3. Thin epithelium
4. Capillary network

Question No. 28 - Differentiate between spiracles and tracheoles.

Answer No. 28 - Spiracles : The trachea open to exterior by pores on the surface called spiracles. There are ten pairs of spiracles present on the lateral sides of the body.

Question No. 29 - What is normal rate of breathing at rest in human?

Answer No. 29 - Normally a men during the rest take 15-20 breaths per minute.

Question No. 30 - What is external respiration?

Answer No. 30 - The exchange of respiratory gasses between the organisms and its environment is called external respiration/organisms respiration.

Question No. 31 - Describe the CO2 concentration in artery and venous blood.

Answer No. 31 - Arterial blood contain about 50 ml of CO2 per 100 ml of blood where as venous blood contain 54 ml of CO2 per 100 ml of blood.

Question No. 32 - Differentiate between cutaneous and pulmonary respiration in frog.

Answer No. 32 - Pulmonary Respiration: The gaseous exchange through the lungs in known Pulmonary respiration.

Question No. 33 - Give two symptoms of emphysema.

Answer No. 33 - Weight loss. Shortness of breath.

Question No. 34 - Differentiate between organisms and cellular respiration.

Answer No. 34 - Organisms respiration: The exchange of respiratory gasses between the organisms and its environment is called external respiration / organisms respiration.

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