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Chapter 5 Computer Architecture Computer Science 11th Class Punjab Short Questions

Question No. 1 - How assembler work?

Answer No. 1 - . It is program translate as assembly code into machine
code.
. The assembler is a system program that is supplied by the
computer manufacture.
. It is written by the system programmer with great care.

Question No. 2 - What is ROM?

Answer No. 2 - ROM is a type of computer main memory. It cans paranormal store data and applications with it. The content stored in this memory can be read but new data can not be written on to it so it is read only special program called "Micro program" is stored in ROM chip during its manufacturing process.

Question No. 3 - Define EPROM.

Answer No. 3 - EPROM stands for Erasable programming read only memory, it is possible to erase instruction stored in an EPROM chip and the chip can be re-programmed to store new instruction. Once programmed, an EPROM can be erased by exposing to it strong ultraviolet light.

Question No. 4 - What is an instruction?

Answer No. 4 - The set of all instruction provided by CPU is commonly known as the instruction set of that CPU.

Question No. 5 - What is control unit?

Answer No. 5 - The control unit which extracts instruction from memory and decodes and executes them calling on a the ALU when necessary.

Question No. 6 - State the purpose of data segment register.

Answer No. 6 - The DS register is the defaults base location for memory variables. The CPU calculates the offsets of variables using the current value of DS.

Question No. 7 - List main part of CPU.

Answer No. 7 - Main Part of CPU:
. CUControl Unit
. ALU Arithmetic Unit
. MUMemory Unit or Register.

Question No. 8 - What are interrupt.

Answer No. 8 - Interrupt in the data transfer scheme in this scheme processor issues of the command to the i/o device. When the device get ready, these generate an interrupt signal for the processor suspends all other processing and performs the i/o operation.

Question No. 9 - What is main memory?

Answer No. 9 - Main Memory: The stored program computer has another very important component that is use to store program and data while these are being executed. This unit is commonly known as main memory of the computer.

Question No. 10 - What is SRAM?

Answer No. 10 - SRAM Static Random Access Memory: Sram technology the memory cells are made from digital gates and each cell can hold its value without any need to refresh data as long as the power OS supplied to it. In most modern computers This technology is used to build very fast memory inside a CPU. This memory is known as the cache memory.

Question No. 11 - Write the name of different types of buses.

Answer No. 11 - 1. Control Bus
2. Data Bus
3. Address Bus

Question No. 12 - Write the purpose of data transfer transaction.

Answer No. 12 - All CPUs provide different instruction for the transfer of data from and to the memory. A programmer can use these instruction to bring data into the CPU and copy data from the CPU to the main memory.

Question No. 13 - Describe the function of input/output unit.

Answer No. 13 - I/O units handles the processors communication with its peripherals. For example disc drive, monitor, printer etc. There are register to hold the data coming in or going out and peripheral device selection unit which determine which interface to send the data to i/o unit also handle different data transfer rates and support different data formats.

Question No. 14 - What is mother board?

Answer No. 14 - A motherboard is the main printed circuit board found in general purpose and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the control processing unit and memory and provide connectors for other peripherals.

Question No. 15 - What is CPU?

Answer No. 15 - Central Processing Unit: The CPU is the brain of the computer. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of computer system. The CPU is centrally located on the motherboard.
Two typical components of a CPU are:
The arithmetic logic unit, the ALU part of a computer that performs all arithmetic compilations.
The control unit CU, which extracts instruction from memory and decodes and executes them.

Question No. 16 - Define instruction register.

Answer No. 16 - Once the instruction is fetched it is stored in the IR where this instruction is decoded.

Question No. 17 - What is ram volatile?

Answer No. 17 - The most common type of memory is called Random Access Memory or RAM. It holds data and program instruction while CPU works on them. RAM is volatile memory because it loss all its content when computer is shut down or if there is a power failure.

Question No. 18 - Define system bus.

Answer No. 18 - The components of computer are interconnected by using a set of parallel lines. This set of parallel lines is called BUS. Generally a computer has more than one bus interconnection. The bus used to connect the main components of a computer is called system bus.

Question No. 19 - What is logic unit of ALU?

Answer No. 19 - Logical Unit: An arithmetic logic unit is a digital circuit that perform arithmetic and logical unit.
Parts of ALU:
It consists of two unit.
Arithmetic unit
Logical unit
Logical Unit: A logical unit performs logical operation or functions on data file comparing two numbers to check which one is greater than or equal to etc.

Question No. 20 - Name two segment register.

Answer No. 20 - . DS Data Segment
. ES Extra Segment
. SS Stock Segment

Question No. 21 - Describe the computer program.

Answer No. 21 - Computer program generally known as computer software is defined as in used for sequence of instruction give to the computer to perform specific task.

Question No. 22 - What is DRAM?

Answer No. 22 - DRAM: DRAM stands for dynamic access memory,a type of memory used in most computers. DRAM must have an electrical current to maintain electrical state.
Properties:
It is slower in speed.
It is cheap in price.
It needs to be refreshed by CPU again and again.
It require more power and space.

Question No. 23 - Why RAM is used in computer.

Answer No. 23 - The most common type of memory is called Random Access Memory or RAM. It holds data and program instruction while CPU works on them. RAM is most important and significant for computers. Computers do not work without ram. That is why it is called main memory.

Question No. 24 - State the purpose of input/output instruction.

Answer No. 24 - Every CPU provides if user with operations of reading data from peripheral device and writing data to a peripheral device. To use these operations a programmer may use input and print commands provided by the CPU.

Question No. 25 - Define PROM.

Answer No. 25 - PROM: The form of ROM is initially blank and the user or manufacture can write data onto prom it can be changed and altered. It is obvious that this kind of ROM will be used for storing user made programs and data which can not be change.

Question No. 26 - List some general purpose register.

Answer No. 26 - These registers are EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX and can be used for any mathematical and logical operations. Each can be divided into upper and case and lower byte called AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, PH. A stands for Accumulator B for base C for count and D for data.

Question No. 27 - Define ALU.

Answer No. 27 - Function of ALU: The general purpose computer can perform different arithmetic operation on the data so it has a special unit that has electronic circuit to perform the basic arithmetic and logical operations such as addition, division, subtraction, multiplication, logically less then greater then equal then on the data. This is called arithmetic and logic unit or ALU.

Question No. 28 - Describe the use of control bus.

Answer No. 28 - These lines are used to transmit different commands from one component to another. For Example: It CPU wants to read data from the main memory; it will use the control bus to send the memory. It will use the control bus to send the memory read command to the main memory of the computer. The control bus is also used to transmit other control signals like ACKS.

Question No. 29 - How many ways to transfer data from peripheral devices to computer?

Answer No. 29 - There are two main ways of transferring data from peripherals into the computer.
1. Interrupts
2. DMA Direct Memory Access

Question No. 30 - What is stack pointer?

Answer No. 30 - A stack pointer is a small registers that stores the address of the last program request in a stack. A stack is a specialized buffer which stores data from the top down.

Question No. 31 - What is one address instruction format?

Answer No. 31 - One address instruction use one implied accumulator AC register for all data manipulation. For manipulation and division there is a need for a second register.

Question No. 32 - Define Bus Interconnection.

Answer No. 32 - A bus is communication pathway connecting two or more devices. It is Shared transmission medium. A bus consists of multiple pathways or lines. A bus that connects major components is called system bus.

Question No. 33 - Define customized software.

Answer No. 33 - Customized software is software deigned for particular customer. The program can be develop by a single computer professional programmer.

Question No. 34 - What is the code segment register?

Answer No. 34 - The CS register hold the basic location of all executable instruction in the program.

Question No. 35 - Define Cache Memory.

Answer No. 35 - Case Memory also called CPU memory is random access memory. Cache memory usually has very small size as compared to the main memory in the computer but plays very important role in increasing the performance of a computer system.

Question No. 36 - What is expansion bus?

Answer No. 36 - A numbers of components connected to the system bus increase more components will be trying to use the system bus simultaneously. This will slow down the computer as components will have to wait longer to get access to bus. To solve this problem only the major components of the computer are connected to the system bus and remaining components are connected to another bus usually known as the expansion bus.

Question No. 37 - State the purpose of input/output instructions.

Answer No. 37 - Every CPU provides if user with the operations of reading data from peripheral device and writing data to peripheral device. To use these operations a programmers may use input and print commands provided by the CPU.

Question No. 38 - Define source code.

Answer No. 38 - The high level language version of the program is usually called source code. Simply programs written in high level language is known as source code.

Question No. 39 - Why ROM is called Non-volatile?

Answer No. 39 - ROM Read only Memory can permanently store data and application and no loss its content when computer is shutdown or there is a power failure that is why ROM is know as non volatile memory.

Question No. 40 - Describe High Level Language?

Answer No. 40 - The language which are close to human language is called high level language.

Question No. 41 - What is GUI?

Answer No. 41 - The GUI interface consists of windows, menu, icons and painters. The user of the system communicate with OS by selecting different commands from the menu or by selecting icon with the painting device.

Question No. 42 - What is stored program computer?

Answer No. 42 - Stored Program Computer: In 1951, Van Neumann and his team proposed a design of a stored program computer. According to his design a sequence of instruction and the data are stored in the memory of the machine.

Question No. 43 - Define operating system.

Answer No. 43 - A set of program running in the background on a computer system and providing an environment in which other programs can be executed and the computer system can be use efficiently.

Question No. 44 - What is language processor?

Answer No. 44 - Programs written in high level language must be converted into machine language execution by the computer. Special programs are used to convert a source code object code. These programs are called language processors or translators.

Question No. 45 - Define Registers.

Answer No. 45 - The program is stored in the main memory of the computer on contiguous memory location. The data is also loaded into the computer memory before the processing starts and the CPU also need storage areas where the data can be stored temporarily. These special purpose temporary storage area enhancing the performance of CPU.

Question No. 46 - What is Computer Architecture?

Answer No. 46 - Computer Architecture: The Architecture of the modern stored program machine the following are most important components. Control Unit Architecture and logical unit Main Memory I/O Unit Bus Interconnection.

Question No. 47 - Define Stack.

Answer No. 47 - In computer science stack is an abstract data type that serves as collection of elements with two principle operations. Push and Pop.

Question No. 48 - Define memory address register.

Answer No. 48 - When CPU wants to store some data in the memory or reads the data from the memory, it places the address of the required memory location in the MAR.

Question No. 49 - What is program counter?

Answer No. 49 - The register holds the address of next instruction to be fetched, its value is incremented so that it stills has the address of next instruction.

Question No. 50 - Write advantage of interrupts.

Answer No. 50 - Interrupts are used to ensure adequate response times by processing. Sometimes with software polling routine, services times by the processor can not guarantee and data may be lost. The use of interrupt guarantees that the processor will service the request with in a specified time period, reducing the like hood of lost data.

Question No. 51 - What is FLAGS register?

Answer No. 51 - The flag register is the status register in Intel x86 microprocessor that contain the current state of processor. This register is 16 bit wide.

Question No. 52 - Define the term compiler.

Answer No. 52 - The language processor that translate program written in high level language as a whole is called compiler. The compiler translate the source code into object code.

Question No. 53 - What is DMA? Define it.

Answer No. 53 - DMA: In this scheme processor issues the i/o command and then gets busy in some other useful task. The special hardware gets the data from the i/o device and use the system bus to place if in the memory. It is useful to note that data is transfused when the processor does not need the system bus.

Question No. 54 - What is instruction format?

Answer No. 54 - A computer will usually have variety of instruction code formats. It is the function of the control unit within CPU to interpret each instruction code and provide the necessary control function nudes to process the instruction.

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